Gas fees play a central role in everyday interactions with decentralized networks. These transaction costs, which fluctuate with network demand, not only influence the affordability of everyday use but also shape innovation in scaling solutions. By driving the development of more efficient architectures and fee-optimization tools, gas fees play a big role in shaping blockchains' affordability and sustainability across finance, gaming, and beyond.

Tokenisation offers the EU a strategic opportunity to re-architect its capital markets around open, permissionless, and programmable systems delivering faster settlement, lower costs, greater transparency, enhanced resilience, and broader investor access.

As blockchain systems mature, oracles can serve as key bridges between digital networks and external data. By enabling smart contracts to securely access information like prices, government data, or even the weather, oracles help expand blockchain technology’s potential to power finance, supply chains, insurance, and more.

As digital assets become more integrated into finance, suitability standards must evolve beyond legacy frameworks. Policymakers have the opportunity to modernize consumer protections that reflect peer-to-peer transactions, programmable tools, and user control—ensuring safety while supporting innovation in decentralized markets.

Crypto streamlines payments by enabling faster, cheaper, and borderless transactions, reducing reliance on intermediaries and unlocking more inclusive, efficient, and resilient financial networks.

ZKPs can preserve the integrity of financial compliance while dramatically improving privacy, efficiency, and security.

Staking allows users to actively support blockchain security and efficiency while earning rewards, creating a more participatory and sustainable financial ecosystem.

Similar to how countries hold gold or foreign currencies to stabilize their economies and protect against shocks, a strategic bitcoin reserve involves intentionally holding bitcoin as a hedge against inflation, currency risk, or geopolitical uncertainty.

User-friendly platforms and clear regulations for crypto and blockchain technology can enhance consumer protection by making digital assets safer and more accessible for everyone. With every transaction recorded on a secure, immutable ledger, the blockchain can also help law enforcement trace fraud and hold bad actors accountable.

We examine Coinbase data and find that among crypto transfers that are possible remittances, stablecoins are playing an ever greater role, particularly over the last three years.

In the U.S., crypto owners represent a diverse range of backgrounds and political affiliations—and these Americans call for clearer digital asset regulations that foster innovation and enhance consumer protection.

Crypto and blockchain technology can advance sustainable finance by incentivizing renewable energy projects, harnessing excess energy, and supporting job creation.

Coinbase outlines policy priorities for the EU’s MiCA review, urging proportionate rules for DeFi, optional smart contract certification, multi-issuer stablecoins, and reassessing the ban on interest-bearing stablecoins.

The White House’s Digital Assets Report marks a landmark moment that affirms crypto as a cornerstone of the next era of finance. This report is the most forward-looking crypto policy framework in U.S. history and offers a roadmap for thoughtful digital asset integration both at home and abroad.

Stablecoins present an opportunity for community banks and other small banks, and a recent study found that they are not a significant threat to bank deposits.

Crypto and blockchain can enhance financial security through transparent, traceable systems that support law enforcement and help detect illicit activity—functioning within established regulatory frameworks that continue to evolve alongside the technology.

Composability is a defining feature of crypto and DeFi ecosystems, enabling developers to combine and build on existing protocols like digital building blocks. This modularity accelerates innovation, reduces duplication, and fosters an open-source economy where tools and applications evolve rapidly—driving more efficient, user-centric financial systems that scale with demand.

Crypto and blockchain are driving financial inclusion by empowering unbanked and underbanked Americans with accessible financial tools.

Permissionless networks are the foundation of open, interoperable digital economies. Because anyone can access, build on, or transact within these systems without needing approval, they create a level playing field for innovation and participation. This openness unlocks real-time settlement, automated execution through smart contracts, and seamless value transfer across borders, platforms, and communities.

Coinbase’s response to ESMA highlights how MiFID II should be updated for a digital-first era—simplifying disclosures, enabling direct access, and recognizing blockchain infrastructure.

Crypto and blockchain power real-world solutions—making finance more accessible, data more transparent, and services more efficient across industries like healthcare, government, and beyond.

Self-hosted wallets are natively onchain tools that allow individuals and institutions to securely store and manage their digital assets without relying on intermediaries. They enable direct access to tokens, identity credentials, and smart contract interactions, supporting financial sovereignty, privacy, and portability across decentralized networks. For policymakers, recognizing and preserving the right to self-custody is essential to ensuring open, secure, and inclusive participation in the digital economy.

Crypto and blockchain technologies can help enable agentic AI systems to operate autonomously and securely. As natively onchain tools, digital assets support real-time transactions, programmable incentives, and interoperability. This synergy unlocks new models of decentralized coordination, where intelligent agents can transact, enforce rules, and contribute to digital ecosystems without central intermediaries.

In a blockchain-based economy, digitally native assets are not simply digital versions of traditional instruments—they are born and function onchain. This fundamental distinction enables properties like real-time settlement, programmability, and composability, offering transformative potential for how value is created, exchanged, and governed in digital systems.

Crypto and blockchain technologies offer the housing sector powerful tools to increase security, transparency, and efficiency. By digitizing property records, streamlining mortgage processes, and enabling new forms of financing, these innovations can reduce costs, minimize fraud, and expand access to homeownership.

Crypto and blockchain technologies offer healthcare systems new tools to operate more securely, transparently, and efficiently. From streamlining patient record management to securing supply chains and modernizing billing and payments, these innovations can improve care delivery and reduce administrative costs.

Crypto and blockchain technologies offer local governments new tools to operate more transparently and efficiently. By modernizing payments, improving recordkeeping, and fostering economic participation, crypto can help local governments better serve their communities.

Small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) are the backbone of our economy, but they often face significant barriers to securing financial success and global reach. Crypto and blockchain technology offer tools that can enable faster, cheaper, and more inclusive financial infrastructure, empowering small businesses to compete in a global, digital economy.

Blockchain-based gaming leverages crypto technology to create open, player-owned economies where users can truly own in-game assets, earn rewards, and participate in decentralized virtual worlds—offering more transparent, interoperable, and community-driven alternatives to traditional gaming platforms.

Blockchain technology can transform supply chain management by creating a transparent, tamper-proof system that not only streamlines operations but also fosters accountability and trust among participants.

Delivering humanitarian aid is a complex challenge, particularly in conflict zones, disaster areas, or regions with weak financial infrastructure. But crypto can help by enabling organizations to deliver funds directly to recipients – faster, more securely, and with greater accountability.

Remittances are a vital lifeline for millions around the world, but face high fees and delays. Crypto and blockchain technology offer a faster, cheaper alternative to traditional remittance channels, transforming how money moves globally.

Crypto and blockchain technology can dramatically expand financial inclusion by providing secure, low-cost access to money and financial services for billions who are unbanked or underserved.

In Coinbase’s recent response to the Financial Stability Board’s peer review, we urge the FSB to revisit the global regulatory framework for digital assets it set forth in 2023, recognizing the ongoing global shift toward a more supportive and innovative regulatory approach.

Crypto mining plays a critical role in securing decentralized networks, and is increasingly integrating renewable power sources and driving innovation in carbon tracking and energy efficiency—offering new tools for sustainable infrastructure.

Crypto and blockchain technology are not just financial innovations, but key to economic security and geopolitical stability. By advancing clear rules for digital assets, US policymakers and regulators will help ensure that crypto innovation remains aligned with democratic values and our national interests.

The rise of memecoins showcases the power of online communities and blockchain technology to create new forms of digital value and foster innovation, while their speculative nature means that participants should approach them with a clear understanding of the risks involved.

The intersection of crypto, blockchain technology, and AI can create more secure, efficient, and decentralized systems by enabling trustless transactions, transparent and immutable data management, and intelligent automation, driving innovation across finance, governance, and digital economies.

Decentralized physical infrastructure networks (DePINs) use blockchain technology to coordinate and incentivize the development of real-world infrastructure, enabling more efficient, transparent, and community-driven alternatives to traditional, centralized systems.

In Coinbase’s recent response to the European Commission’s call for evidence on the European Savings and Investment Union, we outline key recommendations that will help unlock the transformative effects of crypto and blockchain technologies.

Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) are blockchain-based entities governed by smart contracts and collective decision-making, enabling transparent, efficient, and community-driven management of resources and projects without reliance on traditional hierarchies.

Decentralized social media leverages blockchain technology to create open networks where users can control their data, interact across platforms, and access new economic opportunities without relying on centralized intermediaries.

Stablecoins are blockchain-based digital assets designed to maintain price stability, offering a reliable medium of exchange for payments, remittances, decentralized finance, and cross-border transactions.

Smart contracts are self-executing programs on the blockchain that provide secure, transparent, and efficient solutions for payments, logistics, gaming, and more.

Layer 2 blockchains help make blockchain transactions faster and more efficient, making decentralized apps for activities like shopping, gaming, and managing finances more practical for everyday use.

Crypto wallets enable users to securely send and receive crypto, and also serve as the gateway to onchain experiences, where users can interact with thousands of decentralized apps in finance, gaming, the creative arts, and more.

Decentralized ID (DiD) is a groundbreaking innovation that uses blockchain technology to bring more privacy, security, and control to our identities.

Tokenization creates digital versions of real-world assets like cash, art, or real estate on blockchains, enabling faster, cost-efficient, and transparent transactions while enhancing liquidity, reducing risks, and minimizing reliance on intermediaries.

Whether it’s artists, musicians, writers, or developers, blockchain and crypto offer new ways to monetize, distribute, and protect creative work that are already redefining the creator economy.

Users can protect themselves from common scams by staying vigilant and following these simple steps.

As we move from an online to onchain world, crypto and blockchain technology offer solutions that empower individuals to protect their privacy while transacting, creating, and communicating digitally.

With DeFi, you can do most of the things that traditional financial (TradFi) service providers support—earn interest, borrow, lend, buy insurance, trade derivatives, trade assets, and more—but it’s faster and doesn’t require paperwork or a third party.

Blockchain is a revolutionary technology that serves as the backbone for cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. At its core, a blockchain is a decentralized and distributed digital ledger that records transactions in a secure, transparent, and immutable manner.

At its core, cryptocurrency is decentralized digital money, designed to be used over the internet. Bitcoin, launched in 2008, was the first cryptocurrency and remains the most widely known and influential.